Early Years: Deborah Sampson, who fought in the American Revolution disguised as the soldier Robert Shurtlieff, was born on December 1, 1760 in Plymton, Massachusetts, near Plymouth. Although descended from distinguished Pilgrim stock, the Sampson family was poor. When Deborah’s father failed to return from a sea voyage, her mother, unable to provide for her seven children, placed them in various households.

After spending five years in two other homes, Deborah, at age 10, was bound out to Deacon Benjamin Thomas, a farmer in Middleborough, who had a large family. At age 18, when her time as an indentured servant was over, the self-educated Deborah made a living by teaching school during the summer sessions in 1779 and 1780 and by weaving in the winter.

Military Career: Slowly the idea of joining the army dressed as a man took hold. After venturing out undetected in her disguise, she resolved to enlist, which she did in the spring of 1781. In May she arrived at the fortifications at West Point, New York, on the west bank of the Hudson River, where she was detached to Captain George Webb’s Company of Light Infantry and issued a uniform and accoutrements.

It was soon after that she was assigned to a scouting party given the dangerous task of marching through the Neutral Ground of what is today Westchester County to assess the British buildup of men and materiel in Manhattan, which General Washington was contemplating attacking. On the return trip, she had her first taste of battle when her group was attacked by British sympathizers and troops.

Most of July was spent encamped with the French army in lower Westchester. The third week of August, however, found the soldiers on a forced march to Virginia where they began the siege of Yorktown. Deborah endured the incessant cannonade from the enemy, got blisters digging trenches, and was part of a detachment that stormed a British redoubt. On October 19, 1781, Lord Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington. Although this was the last major battle of the Revolution, the war was not officially over. The French stayed in the south, while the American soldiers headed back to West Point for the winter.

In June of 1782, Deborah and two sergeants led about 30 other infantrymen on an expedition into the Neutral Ground. They departed at sunset and went as far south as Eastchester. They were heading north again when they became engaged, often one-on-one, with a band of Tories. During this encounter, Deborah received a gash from a sword on her forehead, which covered her left side in blood. Her distress increased immeasurably, however, when she discovered that she had been shot in her left thigh just below the groin. She was able to conceal this wound from the doctor and extracted the pistol ball herself. She took care of this injury as best she could, but before it was completely healed, she was pronounced fit enough to rejoin the army.

She was thankful when she received permission to nurse a sick soldier in a private home because it would give her leg more time to recover. Unknowingly, she was placed in the house of a Tory, Abraham Van Tassel, who consigned her and the ill private, Richard Snow, to a stuffy attic made hot by the August sun. After Snow died, Deborah left, but was determined to avenge Van Tassel’s hospitality to marauding gangs. With the help of Van Tassel’s daughter, Private Shurtlieff led a night raid on his house, capturing 15 men.

In February, 1783, Deborah was removed from the ranks to serve as a waiter to General John Paterson, who commanded the First Massachusetts Brigade. Although the cessation of all hostilities had been proclaimed in April, troops were sent to Philadelphia the last week of June to quell a protest by disgruntled soldiers. By the time Deborah arrived, the mutiny was over, but she fell victim to an epidemic stalking the city’s streets. In late July, she was carried to the hospital where she lost consciousness.

For over two years, Deborah’s true sex had escaped detection. She had had close calls with both discovery and death: fainting on that first march to West Point, lying that she had had smallpox when the soldiers were culled for vaccination in the winter of 1782, receiving a revealing wound in June of 1781, and nearly drowning in the Croton River in December of that year. In the first half of 1783, she had taken a perilous trip through the snow to the frontiers of upstate New York, had been attacked by robbers, and had avoided bathing in the Hudson River with the rest of the troops. All this and more she had successfully navigated. She knew that unconsciousness was her greatest danger because then she could not rely on quick thinking to get her out of trouble. She also feared being in a hospital where she could be subjected to the unwanted probing of the doctor. Now both things that she had dreaded the most, even more than the prospect of death, had happened. Dr. Benjamin Binney did discover her secret, which he eventually made known in a letter to General Peterson on Deborah’s return to the army.

Receiving an honorable discharge on October 23, 1783, Deborah traveled home to Massachusetts. On April 7, 1785 she married Benjamin Gannet, from Sharon, and they had three children, Earl, Polly, and Patia. Although Deborah’s life after the army was mostly typical of a farmer’s wife, she was the first woman in the country to go on a lecture tour. This lasted almost a year beginning in June of 1802.

She died on April 29, 1827 at the age of 66. Benjamin later petitioned for pay as the spouse of a soldier. Although he was not married to Deborah at the time of her service, the committee concluded that the history of the Revolution “furnished no other similar example of female heroism, fidelity and courage” and he was awarded the money.

—————————————————————————————————-

The military service of Deborah Sampson has perplexed researchers because the year of her enlistment has always been in question. Most writers have concluded that 1782 is the correct date. This, however, makes for a garbled story. The summary of her life related above uses the 1781 date, which the author believes is the right one. For detailed information see the author’s four articles published in 2000 in The Westchester Historian by The Westchester County Historical Society (Elmsford, New York). A well-documented book that provides a comprehensive picture of Deborah’s life is Masquerade the Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier by Alfred F. Young (Alfred A. Knopf, 2004).

Additional Sources:

Web Sites:

• • Library of Congress
  • Encyclopedia Britannica

Books:

• Berkin, Carol.  Revolutionary Mothers:  Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence.  (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005).
• Diamant, Lincoln, Ed.  Revolutionary Women: In the War For American Independence.(Westport: Praeger, 1998).
• Resmond, Shirley Raye.  Patriots in Petticoats: Heroines of the American Revolution.  (New York:  Random House Children’s Books, 2004).
• Roberts, Cokie.  Founding Mothers:  The Women Who Raised Our Nation.  (New York:  HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2004).
• Weatherford, Doris L.  American Women’s History: An A-Z. (Prentice Hall, 1994).

Republished from: National Women’s History Museum

How to Cite this Article (APA Format): Michals, D. (n.d.). Deborah Sampson (1760-1827): A continental soldier. Social Welfare History Project. Retrieved from https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/colonial-postrev/sampson-deborah-1760-1827/